When conducting cognitive interviews in non-English languages, recent research recommend not restricting sample selection and recruitment to non-English speaking monolinguals, which was a common practice by survey researchers. When recruiting hard-to-reach respondents and respondent characteristics via purposive sampling, community-based recruitment (word of mouth, endorsement from community leaders) works better than advertisements.

Use by survey researchers

Cognitive interviewing is regularly practiced by U.S. Federal Agencies,

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