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are known. They range from polyfunctional heterocycles, such as pyrazine, to simple halides. Almost any type of atom with a lone pair of electrons can serve as a ligand.

Very elaborate ligands have been investigated. and phosphorus, have been observed.

Structural orientation

Ligands can be flexible or rigid. A rigid ligand is one that has no freedom to rotate around bonds or reorient within a structure. Flexible ligands can bend, rotate around bonds,

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