the set-up time of the CNC machine, NC programming, fixturing and many other activities that are dependent on the complexity and size of the part.

Set-up time of operations (flip of the part)

Unless a 4th and/or 5th axis is used, a CNC can only approach the part from a single direction. One side must be machined at a time (called an operation or op). Then the part must be flipped from side to side to machine all of the features. The geometry of the features dictates whether the part must be

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