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the rise in influence of Hugh of Tours, who was a conscious ancestor of the Etichonid dukes, Louis the Pious first made reference to the ducatus alsicensi in 816, though it was still a ducatus without a dux. In 829, Louis's youngest son, Charles, was made duke of Alsace, Alemannia and Rhaetia, but in 831 his share of the empire was expanded and was made into a kingdom. By the Treaty of Verdun (843)

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