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encoding leads to a highly distributed representation and "shallow" encoding leads to a sparse representation. Thinking about meaning creates a richer, more connected memory, while shallow processing leads to weaker, less lasting traces. Memory also works best when the cues we use to recall information match the ones present during learning which connects to the principle called encoding specificity. Similarly, context dependence shows that remembering is easier when the environment at study matches the environment at test. For example, studying

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