the 11th and 12th centuries, bushi became conspicuously involved in land reclamation, thereby becoming a landowning class. And like many landowners, the bushi often donated their lands to a shoen to avoid taxes. This had the effect of enriching the bushi while simultaneously depriving the imperial treasury.

In the Heian period it was the habit of emperors to keep harems, and consequently the imperial family got so large, it burdened the treasury. In the early 9th century AD, Emperor Saga expelled