(voiced velar stop) before seems to have reached every possible word. By contrast, the voicing of word-initial Latin to occurred in colaphus > golpe and cattus > gato but not in canna > caña.

Sound change is inevitable: All languages vary from place to place and time to time, and neither writing nor media prevents that change.

Formal notation

A statement of the form

is to be read as "Sound A changes into

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