defects was verified by Paul's group at Harvard who found a hydrogen concentration of about 10 atomic % through IR vibration, which for Si-H bonds has a frequency of about 2000 cm^-1. Starting in the 1970s, a-Si:H was developed in solar cells by David E. Carlson and C. R. Wronski at RCA Laboratories. Conversion efficiency steadily climbed to about 13.6% in 2015.

Deposition processes

Applications

While a-Si suffers from lower electronic performance compared to c-Si,

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