up the world, lastly beneath lies the lower ocean.

Cosmogony (creation of the cosmos)

Many widely held beliefs permeated the creation myths of ancient Near Eastern cosmogony:

* Creatio ex materia from a primordial state of chaos; that is, the organization of the world from pre-existing, unordered and unformed (hence chaotic) elements, represented by a primordial body of water
* the

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