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have the same average value, then has more contrast than if .

RMS contrast

Root-mean-square (RMS) contrast does not depend on the spatial frequency content or the spatial distribution of contrast in the image. RMS contrast is defined as the standard deviation of the pixel intensities:

:

where intensities are the -th -th element of the two-dimensional image of size by . is the average intensity of all pixel values in the image. The

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