among others.

By the late 19th century, graphic design emerged as a distinct profession in the West, partly due to labor specialization there and to the new technologies and business opportunities brought about by the Industrial Revolution. New production methods led to the separation of the design of a communication medium (such as a poster) from its actual production. Increasingly, throughout the 19th and early 20th centuries, advertising agencies, book publishers, and magazines hired art directors who organized all visual elements