whilst publishing medical case narratives of operations in the journal the brothers edited. Others, such as Dr. Mary Putnam Jacobi, challenged the exclusion of women from medical education and shifted gynaecology to a scientific practice.

J. Marion Sims is regarded as the father of modern gynaecology. Some of his published medical contributions included the development of the Sims' position (1845), the Sims' speculum (1845), the Sims' sigmoid catheter,