can be seen dripping back into the reaction flask from the reflux condenser; 1 drop every second or few seconds.

For recrystallization, the product-containing solution is equipped with a condenser and brought to reflux again. Reflux is complete when the product-containing solution is clear. Once clear, the reaction is taken off heat and allowed to cool which will cause the product to re-precipitate, yielding a purer product.

Gravity and vacuum filtration

Solid

1.Previous
3.Next