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of the placenta)
* Immunologic factors
* Prior or existing maternal pathologypre-eclampsia is seen more at a higher incidence in individuals with pre-existing hypertension, obesity, or antiphospholipid antibody syndrome, or those with a history of pre-eclampsia
* Dietary factors, e.g., calcium supplementation in areas where dietary calcium intake is low, have been shown to reduce the risk of pre-eclampsia
* Environmental factors,

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