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cancer. They hypothesized that screening participants are healthier than non-participants and, therefore, already at baseline have a lower risk of breast-cancer death. Therefore, they used proxies for better health as negative-control outcomes (NCOs) and proxies for healthier behavior as negative-control exposures (NCEs). Death from causes other than breast cancer was taken as NCO, as it is an outcome of better health, not effected by breast cancer screening. Dental care participation was taken to be NCE, as it is assumed to be a good proxy of

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