modern day) and the only time when this occurred during this interval is between 1.95 and 1.78 million years ago. In 2011, the flowstone was more firmly dated to 1.977±0.002 million years ago again using uranium-lead dating.

Taphonomy

The cave networks around Malapa comprise long, interconnected cave openings within a 500x100 m area. The Malapa site may have been at the base of an at most cavern system. The cave is at the intersection of a north-northeast and north-northwest chert-filled fracture,

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