band structure to shift up and down (sometimes also changing the band structure's shape). For further information about the Fermi levels of semiconductors, see (for example) Sze.

Local conduction band referencing, internal chemical potential and the parameter ?

If the symbol E is used to denote an electron energy level measured relative to the energy of the edge of its enclosing band, ?_C, then in general we have We can define a parameter ? that references the Fermi level with respect to the band edge:It follows that

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