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with the abdication of Wilhelm II, which left the postwar federal republic to govern a devastated populace. The Treaty of Versailles imposed postwar reparation costs of 132 billion gold marks (around US$269 billion or EUR240 billion in 2019, or roughly US$32 billion in 1921), as well as limiting the army to 100,000 men and disallowing conscription, armored vehicles, submarines, aircraft, and more than six battleships. The consequential economic devastation,

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