[f.sg.] father') || This change is optional, but encountered with more often when the kaf ? is used to denote the 2nd person feminine singular suffixed/object pronoun.|-| ? || || || za' (??? , 'to lose') || Za' ? and Dad ? are not distinguished by pronunciation, as the Gulf dialects lack the emphatic . However, they retain their orthographic distinction.|}

Vowels

Gulf Arabic has five long vowels and three or four short monophthongs. Two recent studies

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