the workers. A significant number of these developments have been the subject of urban renewal projects, either instigated by or in association with the French National Association for Urban Renewal (Agence nationale pour la rénovation urbaine or ANRU). There are 32 sensitive urban zones within it.

During the 1980s and 1990s, the middle classes tended to leave the area, and while the average income of Parisians and residents of the Hauts-de-Seine