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contrast to coolies in Beijing, those in Shanghai mostly come from rural areas outside the city. With the destitution of their land, they poured into the city with their family. As the number of coolies rose up sharply, however, the number of rickshaws remained at 20,000 in Shanghai. Except for private coolies, those for public work had to take turns, and thus their average income diminished to $9 per month. Therefore, many coolies worked in the factory and ran the rickshaw after work. However, many coolies were optimistic about life. They were

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