New York firms.

New York City before Tin Pan Alley

The American music publishing industry before Tin Pan Alley was largely based on European "art" songs in an effort to get around copyright royalty fees. American music was expensive to produce in the 19th century which meant only about 10-30% of the music printed in the United States, including New York, was written by American composers. This industry, however, laid the groundwork for the publishing industry that would be built upon to create Tin Pan Alley.

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