urban revenues, a street-based layout of estates emerged and mandatory street paving was introduced. In addition, the Novgorod Detinets was built and served as the city's main fortification. The name Novgorod was initially given to the detinets (or kremlin).

Novgorod's size, as well as its political, economic, and cultural influence, made it the second-most important city in Kievan Rus'. According to custom,