show a refinement peculiar to Roman practice: small internal buttresses or spur walls project inward at the base of each merlon, allowing a defender to press against them and be shielded on one flank while shooting through the adjacent crenel.

Italy

Italian battlements are distinguished by merlons of notably greater height than their northern European counterparts, often capped with a distinctive profile.Ghibelline (or swallowtail) merlons, associated with the Imperial faction, have

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