bullet and either brass or paper casing. The cartridge was loaded through the breech and fired with a needle. The needle-activated central-fire breech-loading gun would become a major feature of firearms thereafter. The corresponding firearm was also developed by Pauly. Pauly made an improved version, which was protected by a patent on 29 September 1812.

The United States Army adopted the first standard breech-loading rifle, the Hall rifle of 1819, in large quantities.

The Pauly cartridge

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