projection neurons, corticocortical pyramidal cells in layers II/III and V, and diverse GABAergic interneurons (basket, chandelier, Martinotti). Cortical thickness varies across the precentral gyrus from the gyral crown to the anterior sulcal wall, paralleling shifts in input/output density and myelination. Betz cells constitute a small minority of corticospinal neurons but have exceptionally thick axons and fast conduction velocities.

Descending pathways

Motor cortical output travels in the corticospinal tract (pyramidal tract)

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