in Hollywood in the first half of the 20th century.

The first Congress of Universities of the (British) Empire in 1912 was urged by the Foreign Office to adopt the PhD in order to prevent students going to study in Germany and America. However, this was opposed at that time as diluting the standard of English doctorates. In 1917, a conference of the universities of Birmingham, Leeds, Liverpool, Manchester and Sheffield decided to introduce the PhD, and this was followed