be used. The battery can be described with an electrical model which the Kalman filter will use to predict the over-voltage given the observed current. In combination with coulomb counting, it can make an accurate estimation of the state of charge. The strength of this technique is that a Kalman filter adjusts its relative trust of the battery voltage and coulomb counting in real time.

Pressure method

This method can be used with certain NiMH batteries, whose internal pressure increases rapidly

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