word "procedure". The Field Code joined together "pleading" and "practice" for the first time under the heading of "procedure" and marked the "invention of procedure as a distinct, coherent category, defined in antithesis to the substantive law".

In Field's new civil procedure system, allowing self-interested or otherwise flawed testimony "was preferable to excluding evidence that might have some truth value", and thus the Field Code took an expansive approach to the admissibility of evidence, in contrast to the common law's tightly