as a result of a nuclear explosion. A variant of this is the high altitude EMP (HEMP) nuclear weapon, designed to create the pulse as its primary destructive effect.
* Non-nuclear electromagnetic pulse (NNEMP) weapons.

Sources of repetitive EMP events, sometimes as regular pulse trains, include:

* Electric motors
* Electrical ignition systems, such as in gasoline engines.
* Continual switching actions of digital electronic circuitry.

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