Gymnosperms are the most threatened of all plant groups.

Evolution

Phylogeny

The phylogeny of the gymnosperms has been revised by multiple authors.

Taxonomy

A formal classification of the living gymnosperms is the "Acrogymnospermae", which form a monophyletic group within the spermatophytes. The wider "Gymnospermae" group includes extinct gymnosperms and is

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