the idea of heat as motion to the English-speaking public. The theory was developed in academic publications in French, English and German.

18th century

Heat vs. temperature

Unstated distinctions between heat and "hotness" may be very old, heat seen as something dependent on the quantity of a hot substance, "heat", vaguely perhaps distinct from the quality of "hotness". In 1723, the English mathematician Brook Taylor measured the temperature--the expansion of the liquid in a

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