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he added Septimania, Provence, and part of Burgundy. However, Charlemagne's other legitimate sons died--Pepin in 810 and Charles in 811--and Louis was crowned co-emperor with an already ailing Charlemagne in Aachen on 11 September 813. On his father's death in 814, he inherited the entire Carolingian Empire and all its possessions (with the sole exception of the kingdom of Italy; although within Louis's empire, in 813 Charlemagne had ordered that Bernard,

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