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is a median sternotomy (vertically cutting the breastbone), but other incisions can be employed, such as a left or right thoracotomy. After the heart is exposed, the patient is put on a cardiopulmonary bypass machine, also known as a heart-lung machine. This machine breathes for the patient and pumps their blood around their body - bypassing the heart - while the surgeon replaces the heart valve. Next, an aortic clamp is placed on the aorta, and the heart

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