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provide other services as well. Some ants keep leaf surfaces clean, helping to deter disease, while others defend against fungal pathogens. Ants commonly prune epiphytes, vines, and parasitic plants from their host plant, and they sometimes thin the shoots of neighboring plants. This reduces plant-plant competition for space, light, nutrients, and water. In many ant-plant relationships, nutrient flow is bidirectional. While 80% of the carbon in the bodies of Azteca

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