(644 CE) is the oldest Islamic rock inscription. It references the death of Umar, and is notable for its fully fledged system of dotting.

A Christian Arabic inscription, known as the Yazid inscription, possibly mentions Yazid I and is notable for its continuation of 6th century Christian Arabic formulae as well as maintaining pre-Islamic letter shapes and wawation.

Phonology

Consonants

Vowels

Grammar

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