regard to radioactivity. Also, there are requirements for the research process. For 84 stable elements, CIAAW has determined this standard atomic weight. These values are widely published and referred to loosely as 'the' atomic weight of elements for real-life substances like pharmaceuticals and commercial trade.

Also, CIAAW has published abridged (rounded) values and simplified values (for when the Earthly sources vary systematically).

Other measures of the mass of atoms

Atomic mass

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