In their study, Longo et al (2017) found short distances between the groupings on the Syngnathiform phylogenetic tree and this supported a hypothesis that a rapid but ancient radiation had occurred in the basal Syngnathiformes.

The Syngnathiformes contain about 290 recognized extant species, depending which taxonomy is adopted. Of these, 252 are in the family Syngnathidae.

Fossil families

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