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1642, in what was seen as a breach of the Constitution; this and prior actions of the King led to the Civil War. However, there is evidence that at least elements of it existed much earlier; only elusive mentions are made in journals of the house and in private diaries of the Commons being summoned by order of the monarch, but not how, although it is implied to be an ancient practice. On at least one notable occasion in March 1629, Black Rod was kept out of the chamber by members who wanted to finish

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