loss of understory plant diversity associated with ungulate overbrowsing can impact small mammals that rely on this vegetation for cover and food.

Management and recovery

Overbrowsing can lead plant communities towards equilibrium states which are only reversible if herbivore numbers are greatly reduced for a sufficient period, and actions are taken to restore the original plant communities. Management to reduce deer populations has a three-method approach: (1) large areas of contiguous old forest with closed canopies are set

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