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of the total drag. For supersonic and hypersonic aircraft, the figures are 35% and 25% respectively.

A 1992 NATO study found that for a typical civil transport aircraft, skin friction drag accounted for almost 48% of total drag, followed by induced drag at 37%.

Reducing skin friction drag

There are two main techniques for reducing skin friction drag: delaying the boundary layer transition, and modifying the turbulence structures in a turbulent boundary layer.

One method to modify

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