energy can be written as a sum of pairwise interactions, and (ii) each atom interacts with only its nearest neighbors. These are used only sparingly in modern lattice dynamics. A more general approach is to express the potential energy in terms of force constants. See, for example, the Wiki article on multiscale Green's functions.

Lattice waves

Due to the connections between atoms, the displacement of one or more atoms from their equilibrium positions gives rise to a set

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