(MSF), and multi-effect distillation (MED). Thermal technologies such as MSF and MED are widely used in the Middle East due to limited freshwater availability and access to surplus energy resources.

Reverse osmosis

Reverse osmosis (RO) plants use semi-permeable membrane polymers that allow water molecules to pass through while blocking salts and other impurities. These systems typically employ intake pipes to draw water from the source, which is then directed to pre-treatment

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