resuscitation became the preferred technique in mid-century.

The shortcomings of manual manipulation led doctors in the 1880s to come up with improved methods of mechanical ventilation, which included Dr. George Edward Fell's "Fell method" or "Fell Motor." It consisted of a bellows and a breathing valve to pass air through a tracheotomy. He collaborated with Dr. Joseph O'Dwyer to invent the Fell-O'Dwyer apparatus, which