depends not only on the position of a particular material point, but also on the local orientation of the surface element as defined by its normal vector .

Any differential area with normal vector of a given internal surface area , bounding a portion of the body, experiences a contact force arising from the contact between both portions of the body on each side of , and it is given by

where is the surface traction, also called stress vector, traction, or traction vector. The stress vector is a frame-indifferent

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