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almost instantaneously, caused by a slight change in the position of a protein, FliG, in the rotor. The torque-generating unit is the stator which is a proton-powered rotary motor that drives the main bacterial flagellar motor. From the stator, the rotation of the MotA5 pentamer around the MotB2 dimer is anchored to the cell wall which is directly coupled to C-ring rotation. Thus, each torque-generating stator unit motor and flagellar motor rotor act like intermeshed gearwheels with a 6.2 gear ratio. Between 11 to

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