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River dike breach occurred at Xiayun Shibao in Zhengzhou (present-day Shiqiao Village, Huayuankou Town, Huiji District). The disaster claimed over two million lives (with estimates ranging from 930,000 to as high as 7 million). Xia Mingfang, a scholar of Qing history, called it "the most severe flood disaster in terms of population loss in modern Chinese history," while Peter Hough, professor of international relations at Middlesex University, described it as "one of the deadliest natural disasters

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