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they have been observed in the field as waiting for emergence on a single site, subsequently consuming the beetle's abdomen.

In Italy, the main predator is the hooded crow (Corvus cornix).

Parasites

Mites in the order Monogynaspida (Suborder Uropodina) are phoretic (attached for the purpose of transportation) and have been observed attached to L. cervus as deutonymphs on

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