Sculley rebuffed him, so he adapted the idea into a Mac program, HyperCard, whose cards store any information--text, image, audio, video--with the memex-like ability to semantically link cards together. HyperCard was released in 1987 and bundled with every Macintosh.

In the late 1980s, Jean-Louis Gassée, a Sculley protégé who had succeeded Jobs as head of the Macintosh division,