in D11 and marine litter, including microplastics in D10, the EU has been a global frontrunner: The MSFD formally defines underwater noise as a pollutant and represents the first instance that microplastics in the marine environment have been included in a legislative act.

Main Actors and Stakeholders

The main actors in the MSFD are the policy-making entities in the governments of the national Member States, as they are the ones responsible for developing

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